Small trace path discontinuities and those at the far end of the transmission line will require a high pulse level. The output pulse level can be varied to assist in locating the discontinuities. It is good to test the trace from both ends. TDR accuracy depends on the Velocity Factor ( V F). V F is the ratio of pulse speed on the PCB trace to the speed of light. Using V F, the TDR converts the time the reflected pulses take, into the distance. Velocity factor (V F)ДЇor TDR operation, it is mandatory to know the signal pulse speed passing through the PCB trace. It checks for electrical discontinuities in connectors, PCBs, or any other electrical path. Time Domain Reflectometer (TDR) is an electronic device that uses reflected waveforms to decipher the characteristic impedance of the PCB traces, a cable, a connector, and so on. What is a time-domain reflectometer (TDR)? Any change in the impedance is displayed using the TDR graph. If there is no discontinuity or no-fault, the pulse will get absorbed by the termination provided at the far end of the transmission line, hence no reflections. Note that TDR will only observe the reflections if the injected pulse experiences any discontinuity in its path. Then it measures the characteristic impedance by analyzing the changes in the amplitude of the reflected waveform. TDR feeds a pulse onto the PCB trace/ transmission line on a test coupon. Time Domain Reflectometer (TDR) impedance measurements are essential for ensuring signal integrity in a PCB design. This is because impedance is an AC property and cannot be measured like resistance. Measuring impedance and checking for faults and discontinuities on different points of a PCB trace is not a cakewalk.

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